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| 1497 | John Cabot's English expedition. |
| 1534 |
Jacques Cartier's French expedition. |
| 1754-1763 |
French and Indian War between Britain and France. France forced to relinquish St. Lawrence and Quebec settlements to Britain. |
| 1774 |
Act of Quebec recognizes Roman Catholicism, French language, culture and traditions. |
| 1775-1783 |
American War of Independence. Canada becomes a refuge for loyalists to British Crown. |
| 1846 |
Oregon treaty confirms present borders with USA. |
| 1885 |
Transcontinental railroad completed. |
| 1897 |
Klondike gold rush begins. |
| 1914-1918 |
Canadian troops fight in WWI. |
Chronology of Mexico
| 1808 | Napoleon invades Spain. |
| 1810 | Fr. Miguel Hidalgo leads abortive uprising against Spanish. |
| 1821 | Spanish viceroy forced to leave by Agustin de Iturbide. |
| 1822 | Federal Republic established. |
| 1823 | Texas opened to U.S. immigration. |
| 1829 | Spanish military expedition fails to regain control. |
| 1836 | The USA is the first country to recognize Mexico's independence. Spain then follows suit. Texas declares its independence from Mexico. |
| 1846 | War breaks out between Mexico and USA. |
| 1848 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico forced to cede almost half of its territory to the USA. Loses modern-day New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, California and part of Colorado. |
| 1858-1861 | War of Reform won by anti-clerical Liberals. |
| 1861 | Mexico suspends foreign debt. |
| 1862 | France, Britain and Spain launch military expedition. |
| 1863 | French troops capture Mexico City. Maximilian of Austria established as Mexican Emperor. |
| 1867 | Mexico recaptured by Benito Juarez. Maximilian shot. |
| 1876 | Porfirio Diaz president. Period of economic growth; Mexico's railroad system built. |
| 1901 | First year of oil production. |
| 1910 | Start of Epic Revolution. Provoked by excessive exploitation by foreign companies and desire for land reform. |
| 1911 | Diaz overthrown by Franciso Madero. Guerrilla war breaks out in north. Emilio Zapata leads peasant revolt in the south. |
Bibliography
The Dorling Kindersley World Reference Atlas, Dorling Kindersley, London. 1994.